Literature Review on Mergers And Acquisitions

Literature Review on Mergers And Acquisitions1. IntroductionMergers and Acquisitions refer to buying merchandising and combining of assorted companies that target help a emergence fellowship in a given industry grow rapidly without having to acquire an early(a) disdain entity (Virani, 2007). Traditionally, exploiting economies of scope and scale or taking production of market imperfections has been a dominant bureau of suck ining competitive advantage by firms. However, as economies atomic number 18 becoming more and more integrated collect to the forces of globalisation, there is an change magnitude realisation that these ways of competition offer limited pro suitability for firms. As a contribute, mergers and sciences pretend become increasingly bespokenary as companies look for higher returns and dominant market position in the global market. Mergers and acquisitions provide means to acquire expertise, technology and products. Over the historical two disco biscuits, mergers and acquisitions contract become a global phenomenon and a prevalent strategic choice for party increase and expansion (Hansen and Nohria, 2004).Despite the increasing popularity of mergers and acquisitions, unfortunately, the executing of merger and acquisitions has non been satisf wagerory. Research studies reported that more than two-thirds of whacking merger and acquisition deals fail to create apprise for sh atomic number 18h middle-ageders. Mergers and acquisitions fail to act as the anticipated goals, as menti aced by Carleton (1997), who storied that the rate of mergers and acquisitions failure campaign from 55 to 70 percent. These failed mergers constitute a waste of human and fiscal re writers. Given the popularity of this strategic alternative, there is a strong need to correspond how to manage mergers better and to make them more successful (Gopinath, 2003). Numbers of studies argon quick to point out numerous reasons behind this worthless( prenominal) performance of mergers and acquisitions and specifically assert that lack of strategic salvo and poor solicitude of the integrative shape appear to be the main ca exercises of unsatis portiony performance. Infect, an everlasting(a) list containing likely causes of poor performance, can be made with pen to the numerous question studies conducted over the last two decades (Epstein, 2004).These look studies bring on examined the bad performance of the mergers and acquisitions from various settings. The very observable aspects like finance, derivation market and ratified give aways were given importance and were treated the or so sensitive argonas for mergers. However, with the growing rates of failure, investigateers and lineage analysts started acknowledging the fact that this poor performance of mergers and acquisitions does not simply has its roots in fiscal and operational issues or other legal conflicts. The seek was then diverted to examine human an d ethnical aspects of MAs and it was noted that the real problem is not fiscal but the lack of inter ethnic synergism amid the presidential terms. The organisational cultural issues create communication breakdowns and therefore act as a barrier for successful integration of the two organizations. On the other hand, Cartwright Cooper (1993) reinforced the previous findings by stating that the financial and other strategic benefits expected from mergers and acquisitions atomic number 18 undermined by the cultural conflicts. Moreover, the organization who turn to cultural issues properly during merger and acquisitions experienced good results as equation to other organization who neglected this aspect (Epstein, 2004). Hence there exists a strong need to consider the cultural issues as critical during the mergers and acquisitions and get across them properly.The focus of this research is to explore and analyse the organizational cultural issues as the major potential threat f or the success of mergers and acquisitions. In other words, to cotton up the cultural issues as the most import among all other possible causes that affect the performance of mergers and acquisitions. The discussion provide cover the effects of cultural issues on the performance of mergers and acquisitions.2. Literature ReviewGrowth is an essential aspect of organizational success. It is something for which most of the companies strive for. It is observed commonly that lower-ranking companies need to grow big and big firms want to grow bigger. Indeed companies have to grow and the reasons behind are almost corresponding for every organization. However, different companies adopt different strategies for this purpose and the most suitable strategy is the one that supports the company to move progressively towards accomplishing its stated goals (Greiner, 1991).The ultimate objective of most companies is profit, therefore whatever strategy is adopted, profit remains at the feeling .Although, growth is considered to be one of the diagnose points of reference of success by business analysts and is mandated by investors. However, researchers have also argued that, although, growth is essential for firms, but every growth strategy is not successful in terms of value creation. Not all the growth strategies are values adding, that could result in an improved performance of a firm (Olsen Chathoth, 2007 Slevin Covin 1997). Olsen Chathoth (2007) further argued that it is the firms performance on a long term basis that determines the sustainability of the growth strategy that was apply in the first place. Companies choose growth strategies that suits best to them in a frame work of market and competitors. The best route to growth varies depending on the market and the nature of business (Churchill Lewis, 1983).2.1 Organisational CultureThe concept of tillage is oft being use by the experts in organizational behaviour airfield to describe how members of groups commiserate their world and their place in it. Organizational finis can be better understood as the pattern of actions, words, beliefs and behaviours that members of a business organization share (Able, 2007). Soroghan et al (1998) discussed culture as a unique set of values, attitudes and beliefs that creates a shared sense of reality and it has a powerful fascinate on company and employee behaviour. Handy C (1993) has be sick awayed a simplified definition of organizational cultural which suits best to the way this work is oriented. The author has provided a number of aspects that shape the culture of an organization. jibe to Handy (1993), organizations have deepest set of beliefs about the way work should be organized, the authority should be exercised, heap rewarded and people controlled. Similarly, other things like the academic degree of formalization required, how much planning and how far ahead? Degree of bowing expected from subordinates, do work hours matter or dre ss or personal eccentricities? Although, these definitions have provided a theoretical frame work to understand the organizational culture itself but the varied definitions have made it someway arduous to understand the effects of culture on the organizational feat (Weber Schweiger, 1992).2.2 Impact of Culture on Organizational PerformanceA highly productive business always has a high performing organizational culture that aligns well both internally and externally to support the boilersuit objectives of the business. This organizational culture shapes the employee experience, which in turn impactions customer experience, business furnish relationships and, ultimately shareholder value (Able, 2007 p11). Schraeder Self (2003), aptly put forward that the corporate culture can have a significant impact on a firms long term economic performance and bequeath probably be an even more distinguished factor in determining the success or failure of firms in the next decade (Schraeder Self (2003) Deal and Kennedy (1982) asserts that culture is the single most important factor responsible for success or failure in organizations. Kilman et al. (1985) took it further by reporting that strong culture can have a key impact on the success of the business due to its pervasive influence throughout any organization.In order to check the relationship between culture and performance, Denison (1984) studied a suitable sample of 34 firms representing 25 different industries. To sensibleate the ruminate the author used more subtle sampling procedures not only for organizations but for the subjects within the organizations .According to him, two indices organization of work and finish making were found to be significantly correlative with financial performance. In addition, the author also found that the strength of the culture was predictive of short-term performance, when performance was defined with broad indicators like return on assets, return on investment and retu rn on gross revenue etc.2.3 Impact of heathenish on the Performance of Mergers AcquisitionsMergers and acquisitions are a popular strategy for growth and expansion. The mergers and acquisition activity is increasing and companies are joining together as never before. Also that this expansion process is hampered by certain obstacles and companies suffer from not handling those issues effectively. Among those difficulties, the lack of intercultural synergy between the two organizations has been reported as the most important issue which is affecting the MA performance greatly (Cartwright Cooper 1993). It is a immature challenge for companies operating across the globe to understand the organizational culture and its effects on the organizational performance (Fralicx Bolster, 1997).Mergers and acquisitions are effected mischievously by the cultural issues and several studies have been conducted till date to inquire culture and people issues as a reason of merger and acquisition f ailure. The results have shown that up to 65% of failed mergers and acquisitions are due to cultural and people issues. Studies explored that the intercultural differences cause communication breakdowns which affect the productivity of the whole organization (Chatterje et al 1992). Other researchers also supported this line of reasoning and suggested that incompatible cultures are the main causes of MAs failure. Considering cultural issue as a reason of poor success rates, Cartwright and cooper (1993) stated that the financial benefits that companies expect from mergers and acquisitions are a great deal unrealized because of incompatible organizational cultures of the merging organizations. Lodorfos Boateng (2006) have presented a oecumenical overview of the role of culture in the merger and acquisition process. They have provided a summary of previous research on this issue by conclude that the lack of intercultural synergy is at the heart of MA failure. According to them, Cult ural fit is just as important as structural fit in the abstract and evaluation of potential partners and that poor cultural fit has contributed to the failure of several mergers and acquisitions that appeared to be suitable strategic partners. Huang Kleiner (2004) have mentioned that companies can not be integrated successfully if there exits a cultural incompatibility between the two partners and that the cultural incompatibility is consistently rated as the greatest barrier to success of mergers.2.4 ConclusionIt can be conclude from the above made discussion that cultural problems lie at the heart of merger and acquisition failure. The management and leadership spend m and do efforts to make mergers work. Most of the time, they are busy with planning the strategic and financial aspects, that show negligence to the cultural and people issues. Conversely, in the log run, the cultural issues not only create trouble for the management but the financial benefits are also undermined by cultural clashes in the newly innate(p) organization (Cartwright Cooper 1993). The previous sections have provided enough evidence to consider cultural issues as one of the basic reasons behind the failure of MAs. right off it becomes rather necessary to point out some of the cultural cogitate problems that MAs face and which are responsible for the value destruction in this business activity.3. Research TopicThis research allow for explore the effects of cultural issues on the performance of merger and acquisitions on organizations around the world.4. Research ObjectivesThis research work has the meeting individual objectivesTo explore the strategic motives behind the mergers and acquisitionsTo rate the performance of mergers and acquisitions and identify the major factors affecting the performance.To analyse the effects of cultural issues on the performance of mergers and acquisitions.5. Research MethodologyThe main proposed research methodological analysis is supplemen tal research which is establish on the critical and comprehensive analysis of the existing make literature related to the specific area of research. Books, published journal articles, published research reports, surveys, organizational records, qualitative research and cyberspace exit be used to collect petty(a) extractions info. The secondary research method is very essential for my research work, because a lot of sources are there like books, journals and view articles, websites etc. Some search engines are very popular such as Google, Athens, Yahoo, etc. I entail these sources go forth help me to apprehend my research work.I allow for use all the above mentioned secondary research methods for my research work and I am highly interested to use the deductive method because it is more logical and authentic way to prove your research. Moreover I will use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to critically analyze my gathered info and to reach the conclusion. But in this research work, I will prefer to use more qualitative method of data collection. Because, match to Lincoln and Guba (1985) a qualitative method captures a more complete picture of individual lived experience instead of a narrow place of generalizations. in that respectfore, the study will be based on experience moneyed participants, who are able to offer insight a quantitative study would be unable to capture. The qualitative data provide me an opportunity to study the material of the recent or more distant past to gain the more insights development for methodological and theoretical purposes.5.1 Advantages of secondary research methodological analysisThis kind of research helps in examining large scale trend.It is easy to neighborly so researcher can consume most of its time in critically analysing data rather than collecting it.Sometime primordial data collection is not necessary for the research, because of the available secondary data is entirely suitable to draw a c onclusions and answers of the questions and sufficient for solving problem.The collection of secondary data is far cheaper than the collection of primary data. For the same level of research budget secondary research unquestionably gives relatively more information than the primary research can give.The time consumption is much less in the collection of data and conducting results in comparison with the primary research.The results withstand from secondary source of information may more precise than the result obtain from the primary data collection. It may not happens all the time but if research is about at large scale for example data taken from the surveys obtain by the governing census segment on large scale, this is likely yield more precise results than custom designed surveys weather these are based on the comparatively small size of sample.5.2 Problems of Secondary ResearchIn secondary research the researches have to be careful about authenticity of secondary resources . Because at the same type of data or idea two different types of division or persons have different type of opinion, for example if researcher ask the data about the loss to the economy from the act of terrorism than their essential two different type of responses available from the government prospective and non government interpreters.Some time material available for research is too old and out dated, so it may difficult for researcher to interpret results.The source of the data and material may not reliable each time, so it may impact the reliability and authenticity of results of the research.Sometimes secondary research has lack of firmness of perspective.If data and material collected from non authentic sources it is difficult to check its biasness and inaccuracies.The published material and statistics often raise more questions than answers.5.3 Limitations on that point are some limitations the data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignor ed. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in intellect those limitations of secondary data, the data taken for this research is taken from reputable academic websites.5.4 ConclusionA use and search of secondary data should be preceding any primary research activity. Secondary data definitely helps to solve and understand the problem and gives valid answers. The process of collecting secondary data for research is far cheaper and quicker in compare with primary data at in some cases it could be more accurate. There is always a need of evaluation about data and its source before using it for research. Where possible it is better to take same data from different sources so the biasness and errors can be doubl e check for the more accurate results.6. Research EthicsWhile carrying out the research, the most important thing to keep in mind and practice is the ethical considerations. And in my research work this is very critical and of prime consideration. I will follow all the ethical considerations and guidelines. As my research work is based on secondary research, so what ever the secondary data I will use to achieve my research objectives, I will follow the all terms and conditions of ethical considerations.Throughout my research I will practice honesty in processing and reporting all the data, this will be my own work and I will not feign the other researcher data or work, I will not be bias in my research dapple collecting or processing the data. I will try my utmost to avoid the omissions and errors while analysing the data and will keep all the record of the data and their valid sources. I am fully aware that the plagiarism is a sobering academic crime, so I will not plagiarise my research. I will quote all the citations and that will be fully referenced. I will not copy other researchers work.