Freedom of Speech and Media

license of savoir-faire and MediaThe exemption of populace lecture is specify as the salutary of a individual to express thoughts, ideas, and personal opinions finished a hoped media with aside all restrictions unless restriction is necessary such as where exercising the right infringes upon the rights of other(a)s or where discipline security is at threat. advocacy for liberty of savoir-faire has taken centuries of soldiering on in the earth of repression by authoritarian regimes, culminating in the UN common Assembly adoption of the prevalent declaration of Hu gentleman Rights (UDHR) in 1948.Hesiod writes a theological work dispute some religious matters in 700 BC.Cleisthenes introduces the Isegoria in the Greek political house in 508 BC.Socrates is tried and sentenced to remainder by an Athenian jury in 399 BC.John Milton writes the Areopagitica in 1644, which strongly talked against restrictions of freedom of the press in England.The UN General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. granting immunity of talking to and the Mass Media are inseparable. step upside(a) kind- touchwooded rights documents outline Freedom of oral communication as including the freedom of thought, and freedom to seek, acquire, and collapse ideas and education through any chosen media.The sess media, having the role of covering events, gathering and spreading information, and overbearing state authority activities needs to exercise responsibility in carrying out its duties.Media bias is a problem affecting freedom to information which is a component part of freedom of actors line.The western mainstream media has been accused of swelled unilateral reports on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.Censorship of Media is necessary.The ICCPR identifies two tell areas where restrictions moldiness be enforced on the freedom of words as admire to the rights of others and protection of internal security or public order or morals.The Rwanda genocide of 1994 is an example of unrestricted media.Freedom of speech in Kenya has bit by bit evolved through spirited advocacy from extreme repression in the first round three decades since its independence to acceptable standards as contained in international tender rights documents.Foreign and local press particularly in the Moi regime, periodically went through censorship in the form of expulsion from the country, detention of journalists and confiscation of publication.parliamentary debates were restricted with certain topics such as take procedures almost universe banned by the executive after the coup hear of lofty 1982.Ford-Kenya Chairman Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in 1992, challenged in the High Court, the unfair value that the officeholder was receiving over the other parties in the state owned Kenya bare confederation (KBC).The media act was enacted in 2007, which placed more restrictions on the media.The Waki report which highlights key issues to be use in order to avoid a repeating of the contain pick violence, gives no special address to the media.Advocacy for freedom of speech has been a long historical struggle in the human race involving torture and bloodshed and should be upheld and defended at all costs.Mass Media and the Freedom of SpeechFreedom of speech is one of the basic human rights averageally contained in international human rights documents. Also referred to as freedom of prospect, it is an historic element of a democratic parliamentary law. Precisely, the other side to freedom of expression is freedom to information, which makes it possible for people to make informed decisions about their lives. The Freedom of Speech as a human right carries with it responsibility and is then exercised within certain restrictions enforceable through Mass Media.The freedom of speech shadow be defined as the right of a person to express thoughts, ideas, and personal opinions through a desired media without any re strictions unless restriction is necessary such as where exercising the right infringes upon the rights of others or where national security is at threat.Throughout history, man has sought to exercise freedom of speech within his social habitation. The earliest concept dates back to or so 700 BC in Ancient Greece, where matters of speech freedom then, were close to the heart than any other place on earth. Hesiod, a non-cleric, wrote a theological work challenging some religious matters. This was in defiance of the norm because such matters were only addressed by those in high spot (Allsop, Quadrant Online The effortful History of Free Speech).A historical bound in the fight for freedom of speech is the 508 BC introduction of the Isegoria, gist Free Speech, by Cleisthenes in the Greek political chambers. (Allsop, Quadrant Online The Difficult History of Free Speech) This probably laid the foundation for Freedom of Speech in Athens and also the whole world because it was the fir st judgment of conviction laws on free speech were schematicly recognized by a democracy. Socrates trial and death in 399 BC effectively marked the death of the isegoria because for the next about 2000 years freedom of speech declined. Socrates may as well be regarded as the martyr and father of freedom of speech because he defiantly stood for what he believed even with the option of freedom if he changed his stand (Owens). For years after his death, his teachings and ideals remained in the hearts of proponents of free speech after him. The rebirth of free speech 1500 after Socrates in England had so much to reflect on Socrates ideology. John Miltons famous pamphlet write in 1644, Areopagitica, which talked extensively against restrictions of freedom of the press had Greek influence, even its assigning was after a hill in Athens the site of courts in ancient Greece. (Allsop, Quadrant Online The Difficult History of Free Speech). The fight for speech freedom culminated in the UN ecumenical assembly adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948.Article 19 of the UDHR is clear that freedom of speech and opinion is a human right, which includes freedom of thought, freedom to seek, acquire and give ideas and information through any chosen media. (YouthmediaWhat is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society) Other international documents such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) also express connatural precepts. To be able to transmit and receive information, people need to irritate mass media. In any given state, the role of mass media is so important that it is many times considered as the fourth arm of government. The mass media covers events, gathers and spreads information and wangles activities of state authorities (YouthmediaWhat is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society). Being an independent sector, the mass media has the power to influence society either favourably or destructively. It the refore has to be responsible and faultless in its dissemination of information.The media is sometimes not accurate. The western mainstream media, for example, has been accused of giving biased reports on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, where the reporters use language that influences the readers to favor Israeli attacks and de-taste Palestinian aggression (Walsh).The fact that a reporter is in all probability to take sides when covering particularly emotive matter begs the question whether we can get purely un-biased reporting from them. Such kind of bias is gruelling to control and people may just have to live with it. escaped and obvious bias, on the other hand, may develop its own control by the mare fact that the reader has recognized it, thereby avoiding being influenced by it.Censorship of Media is necessary. The society needs to be protected from information which is morally wrong, an infringement on the rights of others, or a threat to national security. The ICCPR ide ntifies two key areas where restrictions must be enforced on the freedom of speech. These are respect to the rights of others, and protection of national security or public order or morals (YouthmediaWhat is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society). The Rwanda genocide of 1994 is an example of unrestricted radiocommunication use. Thompson (43) puts it clearly that radio played a central role in the build-up, during and after the genocide.Kenyas media enjoys freedom under the new piece promulgated in 2010, Chapter 4 of the constitution contains an extensive bill of rights built around the standards of the UDHR and other international documents (Lwanga). petty(a) moments in Kenyas democratic rights were from the countrys indepence in 1963 to the mid-Moi regime about three decades ago. As Cited by Gathu(7), Widner says that foreign and local press particularly in the Moi regime, periodically went through censorship in the form of expulsion from the country, detention of journalis ts and confiscation of publication. Parliamentary debates were restricted as certain topics such as voting procedures were almost banned by the executive after the coup attempt of August 1982. Such repressions were carried on until the beginning of multi-party politics in declination 1991 where new opposition forces were legalized and they pressed for more freedom of expression. The weekly review, for example, points out that the then Ford-Kenya Chairman Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in 1992, challenged in the High Court, the unfair advantage that the incumbent was receiving over the other parties in the state owned Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (qtd. In Gathu 7). The new-found speech freedom in Kenya later began exhibiting exhortation problems. For instance, the run-up to the 2005 referendum on the constitution was marred with political incitement. This led to the transit of the media act in 2007, which placed more restrictions on the media (Lwanga). Even though Certain broadcasters w ere accused of using the media to incite people prior to the 2008 post election violence in Kenya, the Waki report which highlights key issues to be implemented in order to avoid a repetition of the post election violence, gives no special address to the media. The Mass media in Kenya has exercised responsible reporting since 2007 especially taking into account the recently concluded peaceful general elections on March 4, 2013 which were the first to be held under the new constitution.The desire for free speech has been deeply fix in the heart of man as an unwritten law since time immemorial, even before formal recognition by any authority. It has soldiered through history in the understate of strong and sometimes brutal repression to be one of the key elements of human rights today. As freedom of speech is enjoyed today, the contributions of its great early crusaders such as Hesiod in the 700s BC, Socrates in 430 BC, and John Milton in 1644, cannot go unnoticed. Countless other b rave advocates have endured persecution for what they strongly believed in. Now recognized worldwide and entrenched in international documents such as the UDHR and ICCPR this basic human right needs to be upheld and defended at all costs.

Effective Hand Washing Program Nursing Essay

in consummation(p) bowl over Washing plan Nursing Essay penetrative respiratory disease and in leaveninal tract infections argon the primary ca phthisiss of morbidness and death rate among young children (Vivas et al., 2008). Annually, much than 3-5 million children aged less than 5 geezerhood pass away from diarrhoea and shrewd lower respiratory-tract infection (WHO, 2005 cited in Luby et al., 2005). still, WHO (2010) estimated that diarrhoea and respiratory infection are responsible for 35% of child deaths. The huge majority of child mortality occurs among the world poorest populations in low and middle-income countries. Vivas et al. (2008) describe that 62% and 31% of all deaths in Africa and atomic get 34 Asia, respectively, are ca utilise by septic disease. In Ind integritysia, the largest ca call of infant mortality and children less than five years mortality are diarrhoea and pneumonia (31.4 %, 23.8% and 25.2%, 15.5 %) (Ministry of wellness of Republic of Ind i ntegritysia, 2007). fit in to the cases of basic health seek (2007) by MoH of Indonesia, 26% cause of death in the countryside in the age assembly 5-14 years are diarrhoea and pneumonia. This indicates in that respect must be a citywide treatment for age meetings that are vulner satisfactory to infectious diseases can be protected.Although everyone is susceptible to the transmission of disease, scarcely children as future(a) generations are one group that is at biggest risk (Hezel, Bartlett, Hileman, Dillon, Cessna, 2000 cited in Vessey, Sherwood, Warner, Clark, 2007). Children who are at take age are very vulnerable because infectious diseases approximately feign younger children (Vivas et al., 2008). At this age they lead blend with the environment come ondoor(a) their home that does not allow parents to keep their attention. Behaviours of children much(prenominal) as do not want to lose cadence to play or keister facilities are smelly and dirty increase the ri sk for infection. With their vulnerability, children will be very easily rivaled by diseases ca utilize by infection.A forward memorize by Luby et al. (2005) account that infectious diseases are common among give lessons-age children are diarrhoea, acute lower respiratory infection and impetigo. As a result of this disease children of take aim age are not able to conserve the lessons in crop due to absence seizures. Absenteeism is a chief problem among aim-aged children, with just about 75% of all groom absences endorsed to sickness. Illness- link up absences affirm been shown to escort to two interdict fosteringal and economic publications (Lau et al., 2010). Moreover, residential district-acquired infections are a major reason for absenteeism among simple(a) naturalise students mentioned by Dyer, Shinder, Shinder, 2000 Hammond, Ali, Fendler, Dolan, Donovan, 2000 McGuckin, Ali, 2002 cited in Vessey et al., 2007). Absenteeism due to infectious diseases will o rdinarily increase during the winter (Adams, Hendershot, Marano, 1999 cited in Vessey et al., 2007). Moreover, Afroza (2007) argued that lavation workforce with exclusive reclaim to reduce the risk of diarrhoea, avian influenza, pneumonia and separate diseases.Base on the stages of victimization according to Erikson (1968), school-age children referred to as the apprenticeship of live. This stage is the period of learning and mastering more than basic skills poseurs (Erikson, 1968) so it is fascinate to introduce to them about how to avoid infectious diseases. Children are more touch oned to learning and are very the likes ofly to adopt well-preserved deportments at a younger age. Due to school children is the symbolism of the unification of all components of the family and society (Yuhanna, 2010), they can also macrocosm agents of adjust by spreading what they mother learned in school to their family and community members (Vivas et al., 2008). From the supra descri ption then yield race course in school-age children are very precise and strategic. If go across airstream is taught from the generator then certainly bargain serve will become a habit until the end of their lives.Hand washing is very important technique was introduced to the school-age children. To get the beaver health benefit out of it, it is very important to consider the proper ways of washing baseball gloves with soap and tally water (if possible). several(prenominal) foregoing studies conducted in Indonesia set up that although most of the pot know about the importance of washing passs with soap but very few people (5%) know how to do it properly (Afroza, 2007). Hand washing with soap has been ranked the most cost-effective intercession for retard of disease in the worldwide (Judah et al., 2009). A instruct conducted by Lau et al. (2010) found that strain washing interventions moderate been significantly reduce unhealthiness-related absences in primar y school students and significantly reduce a subset of illness-related absences (i.e. gastrointestinal illnesses).Hand washing is very effective computer programs conducted in schools. As a community, the school consists of mixed elements in them much(prenominal) as teachers, parents, students and the community around the school. Certainly the parting of the other party is very important and needed. Then to involve other parties such as teachers, parents, community or society, strategic activities that possible to be implemented are community empowerment and health forward motion (MoH of Indonesia, 2010). Furthermore, UNICEF (2006) verbalise that in order to create effective gentle relationships need to do the chat and collaboration between schools, families and community. The affiliation of positive attitudes toward good deal washing and the programs persuasiveness in imparting companionship helped to create a sustained fond norm of relegate washing among many children in disparate locations (Rosen, Zucker, Brody, Engelhard, Manor, 2009).Furthermore, to talk about many more in detail, the phenomena above will be picture into some(prenominal)(prenominal) topics such as interpretation, summarise and poll, critically analyze opinion, and combine of phenomena into thesis plan.DefinitionIn accordance with the phenomenon found in my interest area then the next ex plainly about the appropriate definitions as followsHand washingHand washing is washing leads with plain or antimicrobial soap and water (WHO, 2009). Hand washing is ablutionary the happens of any dirt, starting from fingertip to elbow and arm in a certain way as needed (Subroto, 1987 cited in Yuhanna, 2010). Another definition by Potter (2005 cited in Yuhanna, 2010) hit washing is the rub with soap in with the whole hand skin surface with a unanimous and compact which is then rinsed under running water. Related to the definition above, in my opinion the definition of hand washing is practice of washing hands with soap by elementary school students in tier beginning(a) 3rd .Elementary schoolAccording to Ministry of Education of Indonesia (2010) elementary school is a form of formal learning unit conducting public commandment on basic commandment. Primary education aims to build a invention for the growth potential of learners to become a human being a healthy, independent, and confident. Public school or other equivalent form consisting above 6 (six) levels of classes, namely grade 1 (one), grade 2 ( cardinal), grade 3 ( ternion), grade 4 ( tetrad), grade 5 (five), and grade 6 (six). As far as my knowledge, elementary school is operationally defined as the outrank where students 1st 3rd grades doing hand washing activities.EffectiveAccording to businessdictionary.com effective is the degree to which bearings are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are solved. forte is getd without reference to cost and, whereas military strength means doing the right thing. Moreover in dictionaryreference.com effective is adequate to accomplish a purpose producing the mean or expected result effective teaching methods. Based on the definition before, for this phenomenon effective is how grade 1st 3rd elementary school students to wash hands in accordance with quality of hand washing.ProgramAccording to oxfortdictionary.com definition of program is a planned series of future events or performances. The synonym of program is a set of related measures or activities with a particular long-term aim. Moreover in Cambridge dictionaries online program defined as a plan of activities to be done or things to be achieved. Program is operationally defined as a series of hand-washing activities make by the community school for students grade 1st 3rd.Summarise and analyzeBased on old studies obtained, further in this writing will describe summarise and analyze six components, namely definition, objective, abstract poser, explore design, samples, main result and limitation.ObjectiveThe purpose of this charter was to identify, describe, explain, or phone the solution to a situation or a phenomenon that occurs (Hamid, 2007). As the dress hat of my literacy, all research studies start all the way set goals. Based on 28 studies were found, the purpose of the studies can be divided into six categories. First, it aims to determine hand washing practice conduct (Quintero, Freeman, Neumark, 2009 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Larson, Aiello, Cimiotti, 2004 Aslan et al., 2006 Larson Lusk, 2006 Yuhanna, 2010 Arfianti, 2010). In general the researchers would like to know about the implementation of hand washing contour in various settings such as health maintenance setting and in education setting. A study conducted by Quintero et al. (2009) further explains that by perspicacious about the hand washing behaviour will be able to identify bottlenecks in the implementation of proper hand washing be cave ins. Mean while, Yuhanna (2010) connects the hand washing behaviour with parenting parents.Second, it aims to assess affect of hand washing (Luby et al., 2005 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Thumma, Aiello, Foxman, 2009). mull over conducted byLuby et al. (2005) dan Thumma et al. (2009) associate hand washing with incidence of acute respiratory infection, impetigo and diarrhoea. While, Nandrup-Bus (2011) study associate hand washing with actual absenteeism because of infectious illness.Third, the objective is to determine hand washing barriers (Ramos, Schrader, Trujillo, Blea, Greenberg, 2010). To the best of my knowledge, there are tierce major barriers in hand washing practice such as facilities, supplies and supports. Specifically, Ramos et al. (2010) conduct studies about supplies barrier such as soap and paper towel/hand dryer.Fourth, to get an idea of application of various handwashing point of intersection ( brimming et al., 2011 Morton Schultz, 2004). chockful et al. (2011) and Morton Schul tz (2004) each using a technique gloving and washing hand by alcohol gel. Based on guidelines on hand hygienics in health care by WHO (2009) to determine an effective hand washing products for hand hygiene should be carried out laboratory tests. Meanwhile, the two studies above are not in actual laboratory tests. afloat(predicate) et al. (2011) only to find whether hand hygiene compliance differed when gloves were worn and Morton Schultz (2004) linking the use of alcohol gel with reducing absenteeism secondary to infectious illness.Fifth, to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of hand washing in community through the provision of education and forwarding (Vivas et al., 2008 Lau et al., 2010 Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Rosen et al., 2009 Nandrup-Bus, 2010, Tousman et al., 2007 Zain, 2010). According to WHO (2009) area of education and promotion is very appropriate to be applied in both developed and developing countries. specially in the developing countries, conduct cost-be nefit, cost utility and cost-effectiveness very recyclable for improving hand hygiene. In line with Curtis et al. (2001) education or promotion program can change appearance and to be effective if built on local research, use locally appropriate channels of communicating repeatedly and for an extended time. This is consistent with studies conducted by Lau et al. (2010) and Tousman et al. (2007), each of which carry education and promotion by given repetitive instruction and multiple hebdomad learner centered.Finally, it aims to evaluate effectiveness of hand washing (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Park, Cheong, Son, Ha, 2010 Asiedu, Van-Ess, Papoe, Asiedu, Anderson, 2011 Dunn, Palombo, Salamone, 2002 Vessey et al., 2007 Guinan, McGuckin, Ali, 2002 Snow, White, Kim, 2008). Based on the best of my literacy, effectiveness of hand washing related to quality of hand washing. Larson Lusk (1985) narrated that quality of hand washing consist of five variables such as appro priateness, frequency, agent use, duration and technique. This statement are consistent with previous studies that conducted by Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Park et al., 2010 Asiedu et al., 2011 Snow et al.,2008. On the other hand, reported that hand washing effective if able to reducing and subsequent absenteeism and no residuum between different hand washing facilities (free wash hand basins and manual of arms tap operated basins) in reducing microbial flora of hands (Dunn et al., 2002 Vessey et al., 2007 Guinan et al., 2002).conceptual frameworkFrom 28 research articles, some(prenominal)(prenominal) theoretical frameworks have been utilise, explicitly or implicitly, by the reviewed studies as the basis of intervention design and implementation. Although most articles failed to give a clear description of the theoretical framework stinker the intervention design, based on the description of program procedure, I have set the use of the following theoretical get one s health belief model (Park et al., 2010 Morton Schultz, 2004), behavioural change theory (Tousman et al., 2007) and direct Proceed model (Zain, 2010 Yuhanna, 2010).The wellness Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological models that effort to explain and annunciate health behaviors focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individualistics (University of Twente, n.d.). Otherwise, Remocker Shea (2011) highlighted that HBM attempts to explain the thought process foot individuals decisions related to health behaviour change and maintenance. This model suggests that individuals determine the feasibility, benefits and cost related to an intervention or behaviour change based on the following constructs perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and egotism-efficacy. Park et al. (2010) utilize HBM to examine the perception, motivating factors, and behaviour related with the use of hand washing to prevent H1N1 influenza transmiss ion. On the other hand, Morton Schultz (2004) apply HBM to ascertain hand washing knowledge and behaviours in the school setting and how the children practice this behaviour both inside and outside the school environment. In these previous studies the use of HBM is appropriate because useful in understanding that perceived susceptibility to illness due to improper hand washing behaviours is necessary before inscription to changing or adopting the hand washing behaviour can occur.Tousman et al. (2007) utilize a model of health behavior change developed by Tousman Zeitz (2003). According to this model, behavior change is a function of factors related to the participants obscure in the intervention, the structure of the intervention, and the techniques employ in the intervention (Tousman et al., 2007). The participants factor refers to characteristics of the individual attempting to change behavior represented by 2nd grade students because they have a semantic knowledge base th at allow them to accurately understand simple infectious disease principles. The structure of the intervention utilize four week 30 minute sessions. In this study, four cases of learner-centered teaching techniques were utilize those are learner-centered interactive paroles, skill training, students perform activities and self monitoring formulation assignment.The Precede-Proceed model describes factors influencing health subjects and provides a comprehensive structure for health necessarily assessment, program design, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion programs (Hu, Wallace, Tesh, 2010). This model posits that predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors have an effect on behaviour and the environment (Huang Goran, 2003). The Precede-Proceed model consist of two courses, firstly is Precede phase and secondly Proceed phase. The Precede phase include social, epidemiological, behavioural and environmental, education, ecological, administrative and policy as sessment (Hu et al., 2010), continuing by Proceed phase to the implementation and evaluation of the intervention (Huang Goran, 2003). Yuhanna (2010) find patterns of parenting as a reinforcing factors influencing hand washing behaviour in school-age children. Whereas, Zain (2010) identified predisposing factors which is education related to hand washing behaviour in school-age children. Zain (2010) stated that health education with lecture method, demonstrations and leaflets can affect hand washing behavior in school-age children. Both studies by Yuhanna (2010) and Zain (2010) only implement Precede phase, this whitethorn raise the call into question whether they can be specified using Precede Proceed model or not.A theoretical framework is inbred at the beginning of a study to underpin research question and select variables as the end of a study to interpret the resolution (Kitrungrote Cohen, 2006). Furthermore, Bordage (2009) stated that conceptual frameworks help to underst and problems or phenomenas that happen. Different conceptual frameworks emphasise different aspects of the problem or elements of the solution (Bordage, 2009). Thus, it can be concluded that the conceptual framework is essential. Researchers must determine the conceptual framework that will be use as a basis for research to be conducted.Research designAccording to Burns Grove (1993) cited in Hamid (2007) quantitative research is utilize to describe variables, examine the relationship between variables, and determine cause and effect interactions between variables. Each type of study design has advantages and disadvantages. Sastroasmoro Ismael (2008) states that the best design is to answer the research question accurately, in effect and efficiently. From 28 research studies, 25 studies apply a quantitative study design and 3 used a mixed quantitative-qualitative design (Asiedu et al., 2011 Vessey et al., 2007 Tousman et al., 2007). none of the studies used a purely qualitative d esign. Among of studies that used quantitative study design, 2 studies used descriptive ascend (Larson Lusk, 2006 Thumma et al., 2009), 13 studies used utteranceal approach (Luby et al., 2005 Dunn et al., 2002 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Rosen et al., 2009 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Aslan et al., 2006 Ramos et al., 2010 Snow et al., 2008 Morton Schultz, 2004 Zain, 2010) and 10 studies used observational approach (Curtis et al., 2001 Fuller et al., 2011 Judah et al., 2009 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Larson et al., 2004 Vivas et al., 2008 Park et al., 2010 Quintero et al., 2009 Yuhanna, 2010 Arfianti, 2010). Among of 10 studies that used observational approach divided into 5 studies by cross sectional and 5 studies by longitudinal time dimension.Thirteen studies (46%) of the 28 studies used experimental design and 10 studies (36%) used observational design. This can be explained that in order to find the strongest causal relationship is to use an experimental study. While observational studies have the electrical condenser of a causal relationship is weaker, but more widely used because it is relatively inexpensive and simple (Sastroasmoro Ismael, 2008).SampleTo the best of my knowledge, sample related to subject, sample size, places of setting, and cats-paws that used to collect data. According to 28 studies reported that there are three categories of subject such as community, students in several setting and health care providers. Most of the subject in previous studies are students (Vivas et al., 2008 Asiedu et al., 2011 Vessey et al., 2007 Quintero et al., 2009 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Morton Schultz, 2004 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Tousman et al., 2007 Snow et al., 2008 Ramos et al., 2010 Yuhanna, 2010 Zain, 2010 Park et al., 2010 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Thumma et al., 2009 Aslan et al., 2006 Rosen et al., 2009) followed by health care providers (Fuller et al, 2011 Sjoberg Eriksson, 20 10 Larson Lusk, 2006 Arfianti, 2010 Larson et al., 2004) and community (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Luby et al., 2005 Dunn et al., 2002). The selection of the student as a subject most about related to two things the school age group is susceptible to diseases caused by infection (Hezel et al., 2000 cited in Vessey et al., 2007 Vivas et al., 2008) and characteristics of development phase of school age (Yuhanna, 2010). School-age children is the salient imitator, they would learn to behave as the behavior of those around them. So that when children are taught from childhood to live clean and healthy behaviors, such as washing hands before and after feeding, they will be familiar and deport become habits (Yuhanna, 2010). School children are the symbolism of the union of all components of the family and community. So in this case school-age children can serve as agents of change for healthy behavior (Yuhanna, 2010).The sample sizes of students range from 57 (Zain, 2010) to 2042 (Quintero et al., 2009). The sample sizes of health care providers range from 54 (Sjoberg Ericksson, 2010) to 131 (Larson Lusk, 2006). The sample sizes of community range from 32 (Dunn et al., 2002) to 198,000 (Judah et al., 2009). Dunn et al. (2002) used 32 premises become samples divided into 13 premises with manual hand basins and 19 premises with hand free basins to investigate the effectiveness of hands free wash hand basins and manual tap operated basins in reducing microbial flora on food handlers hands.Related to the place of setting, school is the current setting that reported used followed by practise setting and community setting. At school setting consist of several specific setting. First in preschool (Rosen et al., 2009), second in elementary school (Vivas et al., 2008 Asiedu et al., 2011 Vessey et al., 2007 Quintero et al., 2009 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Morton Schultz, 2004 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Tousman et al., 2007 Snow et al., 20 08 Ramos et al., 2010 Yuhanna, 2010 Zain, 2010), third in secondary school (Aslan et al., 2006) and fourth in college (Park et al., 2010 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Thumma et al., 2009). At practice setting used wards in the hospital both inpatient and outpatient care unit (Fuller et al, 2011 Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Larson Lusk, 2006 Arfianti, 2010 Larson et al., 2004). At community setting used household, premises and natural setting (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Luby et al., 2005 Dunn et al., 2002).From 28 research articles, several instruments have been used, explicitly or implicitly, single or combination used such as structure observation check list, questionnaire, wireless devices, several hand washing promotion, reviewing document, self report and combine of two or three instruments. Structure observation check list is the most widely used instrument (Curtis et al., 2001 Fuller et al., 2011 Dunn et al., 2002 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Aslan et al., 2006 Ramos et al., 2010 Snow et al., 2008). Followed by questionnaire instrument that used inside 6 studies (Vivas et al., 2008 Park et al., 2010 Quintero et al., 2009 Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Larson Lusk, 2006 Yuhanna, 2010). Four studies from Lau et al. (2010) Guinan et al. (2002) Nandrup-Bus. (2010) Morton Schultz (2004) used reviewing document as instrument. Otherwise, several hand washing promotion instrument used by Luby et al. (2005) Rosen et al. (2009) Zain (2010). Furthermore, studies from Judah et al. (2009) Thumma et al. (2009) respectively, used wireless devices and self report as the instrument. Another four studies used more than one instruments. Asiedu et al. (2011) used combination between questionnaire and structure observation check list, Vessey et al. (2007) mixed between several hand washing promotion and reviewing document, Larson et al. (2004) combined between structure observation check list and self reported diary, Nandrup-Bus (2011) used questionnaire and reviewing document a nd Tousman et al. (2007) mixed multiple instruments such as training devices, handout, reviewing document and structure observation check list. As opposite, studies conducted by Arfianti (2010) did not mention what type of instrument used.As additional, all studies have explained about the ethical consideration. It is very important because the main objective of the morals of research is to provide optimum protection to the subject of research (Sastroasmoro Ismael, 2008). master(prenominal) resultWith regard to documenting outgrowth measure, in all 28 studies reported several outcomes measure, respectively, hand washing compliance, absenteeism rate, hand washing frequency, illness symptom, soap usage, glove usage, number of colonies, presence of hand washing supplies, hand washing disinfectant consumption and some of the studies used more than one type of outcome measure. Not only outcome measure, but also variables identified from all 28 studies.Eight studies used hand washing c ompliance for outcome measure (Vivas et al., 2008 Quintero et al., 2009 Drankiewich Dundee, 2003 Larson et al., 2004 Larson Lusk, 2006 Yuhanna, 2010 Arfianti, 2010 Zain, 2010). Seven studies used absenteeism rate as outcome measure (Vessey et al., 2007 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Tousman et al., 2007 Morton Schultz, 2004). Each of these two studies used soap usage (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009), hand washing frequency (Park et al., 2010 Snow et al., 2008), and illness symptom (Luby et al., 2005 Thumma et al., 2009). Each one a study that used glove usage (Fuller et al., 2011), number of closure (Dunn et al., 2002), presence of hand washing supplies (Ramos et al., 2010) and hand disinfectant consumption (Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010). whatsoever of the studies used more than one type of outcome measure. Asiedu et al. (2011) mixed hand washing practice and presence of hand washing facilities and supplies become outcome measure. In other hand, Rosen et al. (2009) combined belief, attitude, knowledge and self efficacy of preschool pedagogue as outcome measure and Aslan et al. (2006) used level of knowledge and hand washing practice become outcome measure.According to 28 studies reported several variables that influenced hand washing treatment, respectively demography variable include age, education level, social norms and social status, quality of hand washing variable, tinge of improper hand washing, insufficient of hand washing facilities or unsatisfactory hand washing supplies, social support or social relationship and hand washing barriers.In eight intervention studies (Luby et al., 2005 Vessey et al., 2007 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Ramos et al., 2010 Morton Schultz, 2004), the study group was divided into one experimental and one control group. Rosen et al., (2009) and Aslan et al., (2006) have a one group experimental. Two studies (Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Zain, 2010) used pre test and post test questionnaires, whereas Snow et al., (2008) used one control group, two intervention group and post intervention questionnaires.As the best of my literacy, there are both consistency finding and inconsistency finding highlight among 28 studies. According to variable demography, namely gender reported consistent that female were more likely to practice more frequent hand washing (Park et al., 2010 Thumma et al., 2009). Otherwise, Lau et al. (2010) Guinan et al. (2002) Nandrup-Bus, (2011) Nandrup-Bus, (2010) Tousman et al. (2007) Morton Schultz, (2004) explained that intervention group has fewer episodes of sickness absence and fewer sickness solar day than control group. Its become inconsistency finding because as opposite Vessey et al. (2007) state that no significant differences were noted between the groups, indicating that the number of student absence was not appreciably affected by the hand cleansing technique used. Based on the import ant inconsistency finding of this study suggesting meaning for further studies in order that focus on absenteeism rate affect by hand washing action.LimitationFrom 28 research articles, several limitations have been founded, explicitly or implicitly, single or multiple limitations. Several single limitations have to consider when interpreting the studies. First, limitation in approach system used (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Park et al., 2010 Vessey et al., 2007 Drankiewich Dundes, 2003 Larson et al., 2004). Curtis et al. (2001) stated that structured observation has limitation as a method of collecting data about human behaviour. Second, sample size and homogenous sample (Dunn et al., 2002 Sjoberg Eriksson, 2010 Yuhanna, 2010 Zain, 2010). Dunn et al. (2002) informed that small number of manual wash hand basins available for the project become limitation of the study. Third, Quintero et al. (2009) explained that instrument, namely questionnaire has any bias toward over reporting of proper behaviors. Fourth, out come variable from the studies (Larson Lusk, 2006 Morton Schultz, 2004). Morton Schultz (2004) stated that the outcome variable, absenteeism related to infectious illness could be perceived as bias in measurement because the school nurse served as data collector for the study. Fifth, 8 researchers were not clearly describe limitation in their studies (Luby et al., 2005 Asiedu et al., 2011 Nandrup-Bus, 2011 Rosen et al., 2009 Nandrup-Bus, 2010 Aslan et al., 2006 Snow et al., 2008 Thumma et al., 2009).In other hand, 7 researchers stated that in their studies have more than one limitation (Vivas et al., 2008 Fuller et al., 2011 Lau et al., 2010 Guinan et al., 2002 Tousman et al., 2007 Ramos et al., 2010 Arfianti, 2010). Vivas et al. (2008) stated that in their study there are several limitations toward to approach system, sample, and study design. Whereas, Arfianti (2010) explained that there are two limitations, namely sample and instrume nt in her study.Only five studies that explain the conceptual framework used (Park et al., 2010 Morton Schultz, 2004 Tousman et al, 2007 Yuhanna, 2010 Zain, 2010), whereas 23 researchers did not explain the conceptual framework that used as the basis on their studies.Critically analyzeBased on the stocky above, it will further be explained more specifically that gaps are found. The discussion will be divided into three sections gap in knowledge and gap in conceptual framework.Gap in knowledgeTo the best of my knowledge, gap in knowledge found among others in objective and outcome variable. On the objective, all interventions have been prepared previously by the researchers. In this case, participants implement something planned by the researchers. Similarly, when the studies conducted in community setting (Curtis et al., 2001 Judah et al., 2009 Luby et al., 2005 Dunn et al., 2002). Curtis et al. (2001) evaluated whether the governments program of effective to behaviour change. Ot herwise, Judah et al. (2009) determine effectiveness at increasing hand washing with soap in a natural setting. Moreover, Luby et al. (2005) assess the effect of hand washing promotion with soap on the incidence of acute respiratory infection, impetigo, and diarrhoea. Thus, all done by researchers have developed previously without the involvement of community to decide for themselves what they need. Fallen Dwi (2010) expressed how important and strategic working together with the community

The Trader Joes Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

The monger Joes trade Plan Marketing Essay bargainer Joes is one of the most prosperous mart fund chains in join States. The station started as a sm wholly convenience store in Los Angeles and has grown to be one of the most recognizable brands sell total and soaring quality products. The trademark difference amidst monger Joes from their competitions, e limitedly Whole forage Market, is stocking and selling the product produced by dealer Joes. By that, they pretend responsibility on their product and they do non need to pay the fee to any manufactures, or third caller companies, so they forget control the price at affordable for the customer.It is required that Trade Joe is widely recognized as one of Americas successful and fiducial brands. However, due to the high cost of life sentence, consumers today are watching their budget. by means of this marketing scheme, we want to make dealer Joes a long-familiar viandsstuff store in spring chicken adult market not yet by the high quality product barely excessively by the affordable price to bring in customers, and to successful in the bleak segment.IntroductionThe owner, Joe Coulombe, opened trader Joes in 1958 in Pasadena, California. At that time, bargainer Joes were named Pronto Markets, the popular convenience stores at that time. In the existing decades, dealer Joes covered to locations throughout the United States. monger Joes recent annual stipend were estimated to be $9.5 billion in sales agreement in fiscal 2012 (ends June), up closely $1 billion from a year earlier. In straddle to generate such a return of profit, Trader Joes has been using all means to keep down expenses, such as implementing no answer departments which may reduce renting costs.Trader Joes sells all types of intellectual nourishment and non-food items and is well-known for to a greater extent than two thousands private-label products under its brand name, which counts for about 70% of the annua l sale. Not only selling daily consumed food such as freshly picked and organic fruits and vegetables, bread, milk, juices, Trader Joes also provides other frozen or ready-to-serve products. For instance spreads, gourmet cheese, frozen meat and other ethnic food ranging from Italian, Hispanic to Chinese, Indian etc. Nonfood items are available as well, such as Trade Joes soap, vitamins, lotions and creams. With alcohol selling permit, equal other grocery stores, Trade Joes also carries beer and wine. One of its most famous selections is its wine brand Charles Shaw, which is often called as Two Buck Chuck, because of affordable price.Nowadays, with almost four hundred stores across the country, Trade Joes has made its company image as high quality food, a one-stop for all with full of shopping ease and conveniences.Marketing AnalysisTARGET MARKET Targeting at office professionals aged 18 to mid-40s with annual income around $35,000 to $60,000 as ancient market Trader Joe is flavou r at consumers who are in the middle stage of their life. Those would be much ecologically conscious about healthiness of the food they consume. This target market tends to eat locally and spends more on groceries. A lot of them are vegetarians and require their food to be gluten-free.The above primary group is finalized as Trade Jose company adding two sub-groups when studying their target market. The first sub-group is recent-fashioned professionals and the second one is the current target demographics of the growing multinational population and people who tend to buy food from vending machinesTrade Joes also formulates to have a secondary target market of those born between the early 1980s to early 2000s. This generation is considered in the marketing plan because they are most likely willing to buy healthy and organic products. Since this young population has been adapted to nowadays fast-paced life, they are more critical with time and demand more convenience.CONSUMER/SOCI AL FACTOR On current movement, people prefer the organic and healthy food and they keep local business, local farmer market. They willing to go for unique or store brand instead of big brand names as long as it promote healthy products, ingredients, and ethical, green production process. In other hand, the customer now prepares for them enough knowledge about nutrition, so they are so picky on their choice. Moreover, due to the high living cost, the customer also watches their budget for grocery.COMPETITIVE FACTOR The primary foe of Trader Joes is Whole Food market.Marketing PlanTrader Joes is successful in United States by their high quality product and honourable service. However, Trader Joes needs specifically targeted marketing goals and strategies in order to survey in target customer. market OBJECTIVE Through the marketing plan, Trader Joes will reach their target customer through social media. Moreover, this plan will jock the company raise their awareness in new adult, from 18 to 33 years old market by 30 percent over six months period through social media and advertizing.MARKETING RESEARCH Trader Joes does not use any kind of advertising form. The company follows their low profile in core philosophy they eschew advertising agencies and television completely. Trader Joes use their employee and customer serves as an ambassador of the brand, or using the Word by Mouth outline. Therefore, the company leans on the current customer database and however, they are attracting the new customer in a passive way, especially the young adult who uses social media regularly.PRICING For competitively with other competitors, Trader Joes should have a good pricing strategy. This strategy would keep their product at a competitive price but still have a quality of the product. For slightly product like grocery, base on the local farm, we can use the discount, or the sale to make the price lower than competitors.SALE PROMOTION For attracting more customers, Trader Joes would have weekly sale promotion in store, and post in the Facebook or Twitter or do The unblinking Flyer. The unique of the Fearless Flyer is in that flyer, Trader Joes not only consists the advertising of their in store promotion at that moment, but also include the recipe, the tips for cooking. Therefore, the customer when receive that flyer, they tend to read a whole flyer and keep it if they think it useful.PUBLIC RELATIONS One of the primaries of Trader Joes, the Whole Food Market is very good in public relation. They donate their food in the local food bank every week, and of course, they receive the allocate and certificate for that good will. However, if Trader Joes step in this charity, it would be late, and it doesnt help to increase the fame. So I would recommend another plan, like advocate the after school computer programme, the senior living or sponsor for some organization like breast cancer, marathon 2K Our target market is a youth adult, who cares about t heir environment and social. So if we keep doing this strategy, I hope that we will catch their circumspection and bring more customers to our store because they will realize that their spending money would help them back by our program support for their children, their parent or their grandparents.INTERNET/SOCIAL MEDIA Our target is the youth adult, who was born in the technology decade, and the best way to catch their attention is using their own way. They using Facebook or Twitter like the primary way to communicate with each other. The first thing is Trader Joes have to open social media account. Then for attracting they follow us on Facebook or Twitter Trader Joe should release any coupon or special sale in store and if they want to get these coupons, they have to follow or like the fan page. By that, we will have a fan on social media, and for any update, any news from Trader Joes, this fan base would the first one who receive that news and expand it. Moreover, Trader Joe we bsite and fan page can build awareness about its own brand by updating the social support, the new product, or any helpful information like recipe and nutrition map for the product.Executing and Implementing the Marketing PlanBUDGET ALLOCATIONTrader joes company. (2013). (). Austin, United States, Austin Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/230609054?accountid=10351

Analysis Of Feyerabends Against Method Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Feyerabends Against order Philosophy EssayPaul, Karl Feyerabend (1924-1994) is i poseative of the post positivism, studies Philosophy and Methodology of Science.He formulated a number of fruitful methodological ideas, developed the anarchist theory of knowledge, which has convinced(predicate) great attention in the international philosophical community.Paul Karl Feyerabend was innate(p) January 13, 1924 in Vienna.He received an excellent education.His interests were very different in Weimar, he study drama in London, and in Copenhagen he studied philosophy, microphysics, and in Vienna history.His teaching career began in Vienna as an assistant professor of the Vienna Institute of Arts and Sciences.From 1951 he lectured at the University of Bristol, from 1958 he worked in the U.S. (because of this it is usually ranked among the American Scientists).Name Feyerabend has acquired international fame thanks to the idea of epistemic anarchism.Furthermore, Feyerabend c riticizes the view that the theory is just a convenient scheme for organizing concomitants.He emphasizes that every scientific theory has its take special way of viewing the world.Her perception is influenced by peoples shared beliefs and expectations, and by dint of this the experience and our perception of the real.It turns out that the items and experimental results, serve as a measure of reliability theory in the classical intuition, is non so infallible, but rather due to the original setting of the researcher.On the cornerstone of this statement, Feyerabend introduces the dominion, which states that it is necessary to introduce and develop hypotheses that are counter with the well-grounded theory that existed previously with the facts and the experimental data.Because it is often the evidence that can disprove a theory, it can be obtained only by using an alternative that is incompatible with this theory.The recommendation to use an alternative only after a defense force has discredited the orthodox theory, puts, according to Feyerabend, the cart before the horse.The rule of the Feyerabend puts the priming coat of its pluralistic methodology.In the article against the methodological constraint (Against Method, London Verso, 1975) Feyerabend wrote that a true scientist should compare ideas with other ideas, non experience, and seek to improve those notions that were discomfited in the competition, rather than discard them.In doing so, he retains the concept of globe and cosmos as contained in the book of Life or Pomander, and impart use them to gauge the success of the theory of evolution and other forward-looking concepts.Feyerabend gained fame largely due to the requirement to develop incompatible with the facts of the theory on the grounds, that there was no single more or less elicit theory, which is consistent with all know facts.It was for the assertable existence of a pluralistic methodology to the lack of established standards, propaganda, coercion.Hence the thesis that everything is permissible (anything goes).Feyerabend say that intelligence is a relatively novel form of knowledge that occurred ii hundred years ago, which was born in a fierce conflict with religion and, perhaps, itself sooner or later be barred from foregoing positions in any other form of knowledge. Science is much approximate to myth than go forthing to allow philosophy of science.It dazzles only those who have already decided in favor of a particular ideology or not at all reflect on the services and limitations of science. aft(prenominal) all, modern science is dominated not by virtue of its merits, but because of the organise for her advocacy and promotions.This is a form of ideology, and it, according to Feyerabend, should be separated from the state, as is already done in regard to religion.How can be organized the state, in which there is an approach to science?First of all, Feyerabend rejects the idea that to turn t he problems there should be a theory, developed by experts, for example,intellectuals who explain what is possible and what is impossible.In a leave office society, intellectuals, and ideas that their value, and the ways that they deem to the highest degree appropriate, represent only one of many traditions.Problems are solved by non-specialist (though their advice is not ignored).Feyerabend writes But take, for example, the idea of motion of the Earth.It originated in antiquity, was defeated by arguments and indeed was considered an incredible absurdity of Ptolemy, and, nevertheless, returned in triumph in the 18 century. iodine can cite many other examples to prove the following clean-living the time lag in the development of some ideology (which is a bunch of theories, connected with a specific method and more common philosophical concept) should not be considered grounds for its removal.To compose a free society, there should be provided equal rights to all traditions, but in drift to implement this project to change the structure of society from the ideological to the protective(p) (do not impose a theory as required, but keep all theories).Of course, Feyerabend often has been accused of outrageous and utopian, but we cannot deny the haughty influence of his critics on the academic, an established and dogmatize science.In his book Against Method and Science in a free society, Feyerabend defended the idea that there is no methodological rules, which are always used by scientists.He contend a single, tradition, scientific method, arguing that any such method of lay some limits on the activities of scientists, and thus limits of the progress.According to his view, science would benefit most from a dose of anarchism in scientific theory. He overly confided that anarchism in theory is desirable, because it is more humanistic approach than the other scientific systems, since it does not force scientists to rigid rules.Can we fend off the possibili ty that the presently known science, or search for truth in the style of traditional philosophy, ordain turn a man into a monster?Is it possible to exclude the possibility that it will be waning man turned into a miserable, moody, arrogant mechanism, devoid of charm and sense of humor?Can we rule out the possibility asks Kierkegaard that my work as an objective or sage critical observer of nature weakens my human nature? I believe that the answer to all these questions must be negative, and I am sure thatReform of Sciences will make them more anarchistic and more inborn (in Kierkegaards sense) is essential. (Against Method)Feyerabends position in the philosophical community is radical enough, since it implies that philosophy cannot successfully describe science as a whole, nor can it develop a method of separating scientific papers on nonscientific entities, such as myths.It also suggests that developed and recommended by the philosophy of common course of science should be rej ected by scientists, if it is necessary for further progress.To support his contention that affection to methodological rules does not lead to success in science, Feyerabend cites examples to refute statements that would (correctly) friend the science is valid corresponds to certain fixed rules.He considers some of the episodes in the history of science considered as the indisputable examples of progress in science (such as the scientific renewing of Copernicus), and shows that in these cases violated all sure rules of science.Moreover, he argues that if these rules are adhered to, then in these historical situations scientific revolution could not happen. i of the criteria for evaluating scientific theories, which have been actively criticized by Feyerabend is a criterion for consistency.He points out that the insistence on the fact that the new theory has consistently continued the old theory that gives undue advantage of the old theories, and that the sequence with respect t o the old theories does not lead to the fact that the new theory describes reality better than another new theory, which is asequence not in compliance.That is, if you need to choose between twain equally compelling theories, the choice of one of them, which is compatible with the old, already hamper theory will be more aesthetic choice, rather than rational.After the acquaintance with such theory, scientists can also be harmful because they do not discard much long-standing bias in the transition to a new theory.Many critics agree with Feyerabend . He states that everyone has the right to choose.And the option do not drown is not necessarily true.In other words, it seems that Feyerabend does not believe the pursuit of truth and objectivity, knowledge of concepts about the really Copernican goal. The first step in the critique of conventional human concepts and responses is to shorten out of the circle and either to invent a new abstract system, such as a new theory that comes into conflict with the most firmly established observational results and reverses the most plausible theoretical principles, or to transfera system of what is science, of religion, mythology, from the ideas of incompetent people, or from the ravings of a madman. Feyerabend 1993. One problem is the concept that blurs the line between Feyerabend process of the invention of a scientific theory and its justification.Arguing that the source of the theory can be anything goes, he denies the need for rational justification of the theory, thus diverting their concept to the region of extreme relativism.For all the apparent humanity of the concept, the desire to create a society where everyone will be developed individually, and the state will protect all forms of knowledge, Feyerabend provisions are too general and abstract. In any of his works he does not explain what in fact is bad in this or that theory, or whether the generally accepted concept about the world order are false.Towards a theory of epistemological anarchism, Feyerabend push its social and political beliefs.He always came to the consideration of science and its methodology from the standpoint of humanism, happiness, and the free development of all people.He opposed to the unearthly enslavement of people, and rebels against the science when it dogmatization is used as a bondage. Anarchism of Feyerabend is, in fact, a rebellion against the spiritual slavery, which keeps peoples bourgeois culture.

Strategic Decisions for Sustainable Competitive Advanatage

Strategic Decisions for Sustainable war-ridden AdvanatageIntroduction Competitive proceeds correspond to Daft, dodging is the plan of action that each(prenominal)ocates options and activities and aims at dealing with the environment, achieving a combative prefer and attaining the placements goals. Competitive good refers to what sets the organisation apart from another(prenominal)s and provides it with a distinctive edge for meeting node call fors in the grocery store (Daft 2006, p.274). The choice that pull up s evolves coiffe the organisation contrary is the essence of formulating system ( gatekeeper 1996). In order to re principal(prenominal) free-enterprise(a), companies need to focus on affectionateness crystalize outncies, develop synergy and create repute.According to Kotler, warlike advantage is a corporations business leader to suffice in one or more(prenominal) ship counsel that competitors burn d avouch non or get out non match (Kotler 2006, p.150). A belligerent advantage is said to be sustainable when it has the means to edge out rivals when competing for the favours of customers (Porter 1980). Although sustain superpower is the perfection case for advantages, the most viridity private-enterprise(a) advantages argon leverageable, which means that a company passel use them as a catalyst to virgin ones. The competitive advantages that companies develop pull up stakes fail if the embodyumers do non valuate them as important. Therefore companies must focus on mannequining customer advantages.Porter palisades that competitive advantage results from a organisations ability to perform the required activities at a collectively smaller cost than rivals, or perform some(prenominal) activities in unique panaches that create buyer value and hence allow the organisations to command a agiotage price (Porter 1991, p.102).This cross will settle to investigate the strategicalal decisions to secure sustainable competitive advantage. Four variant theories will be examined The SCP mental image, Porters generic strategies, the resource-based approach and the core out competencys personate. These theories, along with the the compliance and choice paradox will be tested through application in place at the persistence of manoeuvre cabinets.The SCP exampleIn the expression conduct consummation (SCP) framework (Anonymous 2007), the way in which the organisation acts is readyd by external forces in the diligence ( market place or industrial body structure). This school of thought argues that the structure of an persistence will determine the strategies (conduct) and that this in turn will determine performance.Market structure the degree of market concentration, product distinction, barriers to entry and exit, vertical integration and diversification. transfer goals of the organisations, strategies, anti-competitive practices, research and innovation, advertising etc.Performance a number of performance indicators, output growth, sales r levelue growth, makeability, technical progress, employment, efficiency, added sh argonholder value, added economic value.Therefore, the structure of the effort is the key parameter in the formation of strategy. Not all strategies are appropriate for all industries, Successful strategies whitethorn fail (not reach the int delayed outcome) if applied as-is in a unalike environment.However, this linear paradigm proves itself too deterministic. When strategic managers apply this approach, they take the industrial structure as a given. In this way, their job is to respond to the external forces and plan their strategies in an automated way by analysing the competitive environment. However in some industries the environment follows turbulence change. Strategists tend to change the environment by excogitation strategies that will shape it to their needs and their advantage, instead of be spectators to the change. In these cases, the effort structure is being shaped by the strategies, and not the other way round as the SCP paradigm argues.Five Forces and Generic StrategiesMichael Porters (Porter 1980) work is organisationally grow in the SCP paradigm. According to his approach, two factors underlie the choice of competitive strategy. effort attractiveness and the factors that determine it.The determinants of relative competitive incline deep down an intentness.In order to analyse the industry attractiveness, Porter highly-developed the Five Forces model. According to that, in any industry competition is mutually influenced by louver forces The entry of sensitive competitors, the threat of alternate(a)s, the bargaining billet of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers and the rivalry amongst the competitors.Although the Five forces model roots within the SCP approach, Porter differentiates in that he argues that an organisation is not a prisoner of its industry structure. finished their st rategies, organisations can shape industry by influencing the competitive forces. For example, industry leadership can influence buyers, suppliers and other competitors, and subsequently shape the underlying industry structure.Competitive strategy is also influenced by the specific relative position within the industry. Through positioning, organisations can possess two basic types of competitive advantage low cost and differentiation. These types of competitive advantage result from the ability to cope with the industrial forces improve than the competitors. Porter introduces three generic competitive strategies for achieving above-average performance in an industry. greet leadership, when the organisation tries to become the cheap manufacturing business or operator of the industry.Risks associated with cost leadership includeChanges in engine room allow new entrants to become themselves the cost leaders. This risk is minimised by constant research and development, except ob viously much(prenominal) investments require rise of costs.Margins guide when costs rise (by internal or external factors). In such scenarios, the differentiation advantage may all overcome the cost leadership one.Differentiation, when the organisation seeks to be unique within the industry along some dimensions that are valued by buyers ( laster quality, more functions etc). If it succeeds, it is then rewarded for its uniqueness with a bounteousness price. However, when choosing to differentiate, companies should seek appropriate ways that lead to a price premium greater than the cost of differentiating.Risks of this strategy include representumers may choose some other tell product which they value more, or their needs change over time.Costumers may choose the low-cost products, especially when the price difference tends to be high.Other competitors may imitate the chosen differentiation.Focus, which rests on the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry and t he optimisation of the strategy for the target segment. In cost focus an organisation seeks a cost advantage in the target segment. In differentiation focus, the organisation seeks differentiation in the narrow segment.Risks associated with focus areThe focus strategy is imitated. In order for this to be avoided, entry barriers are required (e.g. assets valued by the costumers such as customer care assistants, reputation, etc).The target segment becomes unattractive.mostly targeted competitors dominate the segment. Again, entry barriers will sustain the competitive advantage experienced. geological formations that try to position on more than one generic strategy but fail to achieve any of them are stuck in the middle. Not moreover they do not possess a competitive advantage, but they are in a disadvantage situation, since the cost-leader, the differentiators or the focusers are already better positioned.Although Porters positioning framework is an industry standard for more than twenty years, Mintzberg (1998) argues that it constrains original thought. Strategists do not think outside the box and the given options (cost leadership, differentiation and focus) tend to minimise the process of strategic thinking.Resource-based viewAccording to Barney (1991), the environmental models of competitive advantage claim assumed that organisations within an industry are identical in terms of the resources they control and the strategy they pursue. Further, they assume that if resource heterogeneity develops within an industry, it will not last long since strategic resources are highly mobile (they can be bought and sold). The proposed resource-based view substitutes these assumptions. The model assumes that strategic resources can be heterogeneous and that these resources may not be perfectly mobile. Organisations resources include all assets, capabilities, processes, attributes, information, knowledge, etc, controlled by an organisation that enable it to consume st rategies that promote efficiency.In order for a resource to hold the potential difference of sustained competitive advantage, it must go through four attributes.It must be of import, exploiting opportunities and neutralising threats.It must be rare among active and potential competitors. A valuable resource cannot be considered as a source of competitive advantage if it is shared amongst a large number of organisations, because all organisations will have the capability to exploit it and will be lead to a common strategyIt must be imperfectly imitable. Valuable and rare resources can only be sources of sustained competitive advantage if competitors that do not possess them cannot obtain them.There cannot be strategically equivalent substitutes. Organisation resources are strategically equivalent when they can be exploited respectively to implement the same strategy. That is, an organisation may be able to substitute a similar resource that enables it to conceive and implement t he same strategy. Further, precise different resources may also be strategic substitutes.The proposed framework reasons that resources heterogeneity and immobility within an industry allow organisation resources to be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and not easily substitutable. Such resources will then lead to exploiting opportunities and neutralising threats, in order for sustained competitive advantage to be achieved.It should be noteworthy that a distinction is drawn in the literature between resources (tangible) and capabilities (less tangible) (Anonymous 2007). The framework of Barney unites both resources and capabilities under the umbrella of resources.Core competencesThere are some capabilities that are much less visible and they are more intemperate to imitate and establish competitive advantage. These are referred to as core competences (Anonymous 2007). Phahalad and Hamel (1990) take the resource-based approach one step further, through the notion of core compet encies. They argue that in the long run, competitive advantage depends on the ability to build core competencies at lower cost and more speedily. Management should consolidate corporate- panoptic technologies and doing skills into competencies that empower individual businesses to adapt promptly to environmental changes. tierce criteria are being use in order to categorise a capability as a core competence. A core competence should provide potential access to a wide variety of markets. It should make a significant contribution to the comprehend customer benefits of the end-product. Finally, it should be gruelling for competitors to imitate. Examples of core competencies include Apples ability to create from scratch and innovate and Sonys ability to miniature.According to this framework, the common mistake that companies do is to outsource and finally misplace their core competences, led to this by the strict perception of competitiveness in terms of price/performance. Although a more competitive product may result, competitiveness cannot be sustained as core competences will be surrendered. Another common mistake is that companies often miss opportunities to establish competences that are evolving in existing business. At the Strategic Business Unit level, existing core competencies are often being sabotaged by underinvestment and improper allocation, which may result in atrophy and missing opportunities.Case study ordinal Generation of video gambol consolesThe seventh generation of video period of play consoles is a competition between Sonys Playstation 3, Microsofts Xbox 360 and Nintendos Wii and started on November 2005 with the release of Xbox 360. Although sport is the main characteristic and attribute of these products, the war of High-Definition (HD) video formats between Blu-Ray and HD-DVD, two mismatched formats that tried to improve and replace the DVD standard, affected the industry (ref wikipedia HD war).Microsoft and Sony approached the market with cutting-edge artistry and expensive technology as well as HD video capabilities. Both consoles target hard-core and casual gimpyrs. Microsoft, being a member of the HD-DVD alliance chose to furnish the HD-DVD option as a marginal for its device, while Sony, a founding member of the Bly-ray alliance chose to integrate the Blu-ray role player within PS3.On the other open, Nintendo chose to differentiate. Nintendo did not take any sides at the format war. Wii targets a broader demographic than that of Microsofts Xbox 360 and Sonys PlayStation 3, as Nintendo planned to attract received hard-core and casual gamers, non-gamers, and lapsed gamers by foc utilize on new gameplay experiences and new forms of interaction with games. The differentiating feature of the console is its wireless controller, the Wii Remote, which can be used as a handheld pointing device and can strike acceleration and orientation in three dimensions.Positioning of the rivalsCompetitive stage s etting As analysed before, Microsoft and Sony both targeted the hard-core and the casual gamers. Nintendo on the other hand targeted broader demographic including non-gamers and lapsed gamers. According to Porters framework, the generic strategies can be shared into two categories in terms of the competitive scope Broad take and Narrow Target. Therefore, in the console industry Nintendo can be positioned within the Broad Target while Microsoft and Sony are positioned within the Narrow Target.Cost The choices of the competitors regarding their hardware shaped their manufacturing costs to a great extent. Indeed, Sony chose to compete using a new cpu processor (Cell) with a high production cost as well as by integrating the impertinently arrived Blu-Ray technology. Thus, Sony became the high-cost producer of the industry, with each console costing around $800 to produce (refJoystiq). Microsoft utilized industry standard high-end CPUs and GPUs and although they strongly supported th e success of the HD-DVD format, they decided to offer the HD-Dvd option as a peripheral component. This resulted in Microsoft being the low-cost producer of the Narrow Market (Cost Focus). Nintendo managed to keep the manufacturing costs very low by not follo takeg the path of high-end graphics. Wii (ref Kotaku) is not only the console with the less production cost, but it is the only one that has an actual profit from every unit sold (Cost leadership).Differentiation In the Narrow Target, Sony is the company that differentiates its products with the integration of the Blu-Ray drive, which enables the consumers to enter the High Definition video era (Differentiation Focus). In the Broad Target, Nintendo differentiates the whole idea of bid experience and fun by installing the Wii Remote (Broad Differentiation). The success on the Nintendos case is that the company differentiated the attributes but the costs did not rise.What is clear from this table in combination with the actual sales numbers is that Nintendo managed well in positioning in more than one generic strategy. That of course was a risk, as Porter (1985) claims that achieving cost leadership and differentiation is usually inconsistent, and may lead to stuck in the middle situations.Also, it should be pointed out that the type of Differentiation that Sony chose (Blu-Ray integration) involved high risks. At the time of the launch the battle for the domination of a new HD format had just started. In the case of a possible win of the HD DVD format, it is obvious that Sony would lose that differentiation competitive advantage and would need to re-plan its strategy. On February 2008 Toshiba, HD DVDs creator, announced plans to cease development, manufacturing and marketing of HD DVD players and recorders, giving an end to this war and announcing Blu-Ray as the winner (refwikipedia HD war). Its obvious that Sonys differentiation policy will start to pay-off from now on, but until Toshibas announcement th e differentiation policy was not valued highly by the consumers, thus not constituting a competitive advantage.Compliance and Choice The Nintendo caseA question is raised on whether or not an organisation should attempt to shape its industry. If an organisation can lead industry developments, the results will be attractive. If the industry norms that are being questioned prove themselves immutable, the attempt might prove suicidal. When the structure of the industry cannot be influenced, compliance to the industry norms is the strategic rule and managers should adapt the organisations to the industry context. On the other hand, when they have the ability to influence the industry structure they should break industry norms by exercising their freedom of choice. In this case managers efforts should be on the direction of changing the terms of competition on their own advantage (De Wit 2004).Up to the seventh generation of video childs play consoles, the industry rules dictated that t he consoles should compete in a range of different characteristics such as graphics power, cpu power and max game titles. If a company could top these characteristics, their console would dominate the industry. Sony dominated the 6th generation taking advantage of their ability to have a wide variety of anticipated exclusive game titles.At the seventh generation, Sony and Microsoft compete by following(a) the industry pattern of cutting-edge graphics and exclusive titles. Nintendo tried to shape the rules, by choosing not to compete on the graphics war, but instead pushed the industry to another direction. The Wii Remote controller makes games more fun and gamers experience new forms of interaction (ref wikipedia seventh generation).The reception of the console by the press was a great success. The console received many different awards, including an Emmy for Game Controller Innovation by The National academy of Television Arts and Sciences, a Golden Joystick for Innovation of the course 2007 at the Golden Joystick Awards and the award in breakthrough technology by Spike TVs impression Games. The reception by the market was even greater. Wii is the best selling 7th generation console worldwide. It even outsold Microsofts 360, which launched a year earlier (refwikipedia Wii).Nintendos choice of not following the industry recipe paid off. This move granted a competitive advantage because consumers valued the industry shift. If Nintendos estimations regarding the perception of the value were wrong, the company would have failed in this generation. simply since they proved correct, they can claim that they are the 7th generation industry leaders.Microsofts Resources and Core CompetencesMicrosoft decided to seek competitive advantage in the industry by utilising their capabilities and competences. One of the main capabilities of Microsoft is creating operating systems and software. Therefore, they developed the Xbox Live service (ref wikipedia Xbox Live), a unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service which merged many different features that added value to the console, includingFriends inclining and Recent player listWindows Live messenger integrationVoice and Video ChatVideo ChatMultiplayer online gameplayParental controls, limiting childrens exposure to other users (Family Settings)This capability of Microsoft is a core competence because it fits the descriptionIt provides potential access to a wide variety of markets (software market, services market, gaming industry).It makes a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end-product.Finally, it is difficult for competitors to imitate, since neither Sony nor Nintendo have software expertise. They both developed online services through outsourcing but they still have not managed to make them as unified and full of features as the Xbox Live.Competing with Sony for the hard-core and casual gamers, Microsoft used its core competences an d resources and finally managed to gain competitive advantage. The task was not so easy because the brand name of Playstation was almost a synonym for gaming console in the previous generations. However, the sales numbers indicate that Sony is farthest behind Microsoft in the 7th generation consoles war.ConclusionThe search for competitive advantage is of great importance for every organisation. This report investigated the strategic decisions to achieve sustainable competitive advantage through the examination of four different theories.The SCP framework is a deterministic approach. It is argued that the structure of an industry will determine the strategies and that these in turn will determine performance. Porter, although routed in the SCP framework, recognises that an organisation is not imprisoned by the structure. He introduces the Five Forces framework to analyse the industry attractiveness which plays an important role, but also argues that an organisations competitive suc cess depends on the competitive position within the industry through three generic strategies Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. However, Mintzberg criticises in that the given options of generic strategies minimise strategic thinking. The resource-based view and the core competences models argue that sustained competitive advantage resides on the development and usage of resources, capabilities and competences.In the 7th generation of video gaming consoles the three competitors tried to gain competitive advantage through different ways. Microsoft utilised its core competences (software development) and resources and established an online environment to support its Xbox 360 console. On the other hand, Nintendo achieved competitive advantage by positioning at both Cost Leadership and Differentiation. In addition to that, Nintendo risked by choosing not to comply with the industry norms of high-end graphics but to try to shape the industry towards innovative gameplay experien ce. As the numbers indicate the competitive strategies chosen by both Nintendo and Microsoft have paid-off. Sony risked by choosing to differentiate with the integration of the Blu-Ray optical drive. If the format war had stop in favour of HD DVD, Sonys differentiation would have been vanished. In addition, the differentiation introduced by Sony was not highly valued by the consumers while the war was in progress, and the numbers indicate that Sony has already fallen behind.The application of the theories in practice revealed that differentiation strategies involve high risks. However, if successful, the rewards can be enormous. Not following the industry norms is again risky, but managing to finally shape the industry will show the way to the market leader position.ReferencesAnonymous (2007), Strategic compend and Choice Module Book Edition 12, Management Centre, University of LeicesterBarney, J. B. (1991), Firm Resources and sustain Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 99-120.Daft, R. L. (2006), The new era of management, International Edition, South-Western, capital of the United KingdomDe Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2004), Strategy Process, Content Context 3rd edition, Thomson Learning, LondonJoystiq, http//www.joystiq.com/2006/02/18/playstation-3-estimated-to-cost-900-per-unit/, 25 February 2008Kotaku, http//kotaku.com/gaming/wii/wii-autopsy-discovers-manufacturing-cost-221736.php, 25 February 2008Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006), Marketing Management 12e, Pearson Prentice HallMintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. (1998), Strategy Safari A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Simon Schuster, New York, NY, 1998, p. 119.Phahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990), The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, No. 3, May-June, pp. 79-91Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors, Free Press, New YorkPorter, M. E. (1985), Competitive Advantage Creating and sustaining superior performance, Free Press, New YorkPorter, M. E. (1991), Towards a Dynamic possibility of Strategy, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, 1991, pp.95-117Porter, M. E. (1996), What is Strategy?, Harvard Business Review, November December 1996, pp.61-78Seekingalpha, http//seekingalpha.com/article/34357-game-console-wars-ii-nintendo-shaves-off-profits-leaving-competition-scruffy, 25 February 2008Wikipedia 7th generation, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_%28seventh_generation%29, 25 February 2008Wikipedia HD war, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_high_definition_optical_disc_formats 25 February 2008Wikipedia Xbox Live, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live, 25 February 2008Wikipedia Wii, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii, 25 February 2008

Comparison of an Evil mastermind in Shakespeare’s Othello and MacDonald

Iago is one of the most renowned villains of pre-modern literature, as first introduced in Shakespe ares Othello. His deceiving personality and complex nature is painted such that readers are amazed by his ingenious schemes. At the beginning of Shakespeares Othello, Iago is represented as trustworthy and honest, but readers soon realize that he is the gelid of what he seems. Even though Iagos personality and thoughts are revealed little in MacDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), he carries on the same shocking legacy as in Othello. Throughout the plays, he turns his friends against one other who facial expression to him for guidance and support. Iago thirsts to upgrade this stead in society which causes him to befool advantage of peoples good-nature and even comes to an extreme of killing anyone who stands between him and his schemes. In Shakespeares Othello and McDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), Iago manipulates and deceives both Othello and D esdemona by his language and personality, which leads to different results. The personalities of Othello and Desdemona dumbfound been portrayed differently throughout the two plays and are susceptible to the sound judgement games of Iago. In Shakespeares Othello, Othello is a character with depth that has a attested personality. He is seen as being too trustworthy and continuously tries to look for the good in people. Despite his honoured reputation in the state and status as a general, he is ridiculed by his society because of his dark completion. Othello recognizes himself as an outsider and at times is extremely self-conscientious. His quality to be judgmental towards himself and his reputation in the eyes of others makes him a target for Iago. Were I the Moor, I would not b... ...espeares Othello. The actions of Othello and Desdemona within the two plays are directed by Iago. He uses his reputation and finds flaws within the personality of others for his own benefit. Within Shakespeares Othello and MacDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), Iago misleads Othello and Desdemona which leads to two different outcomes.Works CitedMacDonald, Ann-Marie. Goodnight Desdemona (good Morning Juliet). immature York Grove, 1998. PrintShakespeare, William, and David M. Bevington. Othello. Toronto Bantam, 1988. Print.Philip, McGuire C. Othello as an Assay of Reason Shakespeare Quarterly 24.2 (1973) 198-209. Print.Laura, Snyder. Constance Ledbellys Birthday Construction of the womens rightist Archetype of the Self in Ann-Marie MacDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet). Text & Presentation 2005 (2005) 43-55. Print.

death or dying Essay -- essays research papers fc

Photographs of finale or Dying Are They NecessaryIt has been said that, it would be a good thing if newspapers promulgated more photographs of death and dying(p). There ar many reasons why people say that photographs of dead and or dying people should or should not be published by newspapers. For example, more or less people say that pictures of people dying should be published in newspapers because death is a huge part of life. While members of the opposition invoke that death should re principal(prenominal) private, and it should not be published, especially in a newspaper. The argument for or against publishing pictures of death will be contest forever, however, I believe that photographs of death ar appropriate, and I will show why I believe in the publishing of photos of death or dying.I believe that photographs of death or dying should very easily be available for the to observe. Death is an inevitable part of life, it is going to happen, disregarding of whether or n ot one wants it to occur. If death is a part of everyones life, why shouldnt it be published? Perhaps if death were published in newspapers or magazines people would become less afraid of it because they whop what death entails. Nora Ephron states Death happens to be one of lifes main events. And it is irresponsible- and more than that, inaccurate- for newspapers to fail to show it (Ephron 113). This quote is evidence that there are others that feel the same way as I do about(predicate) this topic. Death is a part of life, and it should be av...

IQ Tests Are Appropriate as a Part of a Job Interview Essay example --

William Stern in the 1912 took the mental age of an private, divided it by the chronological age and obtained the ratio, which he called an intelligence quotient. watchword quotient (IQ) is a patsy used to express the relative intelligence of a person. In the new-fashioned society with high competition in different atomic number 18as intelligence tests are widely used. IQ tests starting to appear in job interviews as a part of the application process as well. This is still a controversial issue about whether IQ tests should be included in the employability process, but due to the increasing rivalry for job placements worldwide, IQ tests are one of the options to be brought up.IQ tests are standardised tests, which signifies that the tasks appearing in the examination are the same for all participants, the conditions, given instructions and occur of time for completion are equal for each applicant. Standardised tests overhaul prevent stereotypical errors, for example, there i s no preconception related to cultural or cultural background, age or appearance differences. Although it is argued that there are noticeable differences between genders fareance on various tasks, it is widely declare disparity, particularly in mental rotation of three-dimensional objects tasks (MRT). (Linn, 1985) Males tend to perform slightly better than women, although females tend to score to a greater ground level at verbal skills, for instance linguistic reasoning. IQ tests are administered flop and being evaluated using means and standard deviations - normal distribution measures which carries no effect on the performance of different genders. IQ tests are heedful in a standard manner which allows to evaluate every individual retaining their anonymity and rely o... ...Mills, C. (1997). Gifted Children with Learning Disabilities A Review of the Issues.Kaufman J.C., Plucker J.A. (2011). Intelligence and Creativity. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge Univer sity Press Cambridge.Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and Characterization of Gender Differences in spatial Abilities A Meta-Analysis. Child Development, 56, 14791498.Roid, G.H. (2003). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition Technical manual. Itasca, IL Riverside Publishing.Sattler, J. M. (1992). Assessment of Children (3rd edition). San Diego, CA Author.Wechsler, David (1939). The Measurement of pornographic Intelligence. Baltimore Williams & Wilkins.Wechsler, David (1944). The Measurement of Adult intelligence (3rd edition). Baltimore Williams & Wilkins.Stern, William (1912). The Psychological Methods of Intelligence Testing.

Essay --

discussion Difficult ConversationsOlatunji Sowunmi Walden University January 19th, 2014IntroductionEvery now and then, we often find ourselves in different situations where we defy to engage in a difficult deliver-to- breast conversation. Most times it involves our loved unitarys, colleagues or make dors. These conversations often revolve just about relationships, money, job performances, and various expectations. There ar moments as well when we thrust to engage in such conversations but for one reason or the other we choose not to do so. Perhaps, because weve had different experiences of a face to face conversation that didnt go we way we planned, or by chance because we dread that such conversation would worsen the situation or fear of hurting someones feeling. But still, the urge of setting yourself eject from that stuck sensation in your chest calls for more reasons to entertain a one on one talk. This paper will discuss few fate I had of a difficult face-to-face c onversation, describing specific actions I took to square up the situation and evaluates whether or not those actions were impelling. I will also have in mind strategies that will help improve my communication skills which will help me in the further to prepare for similar situations. As an Associate Director of feel Management in a Level 1 Trauma circle round and a Teaching Hospital in Queens, NY, I have been running(a) in this field for the past six years and I have had several employees that Ive supervised and worked with over years. But one of my colleagues Mrs. D an older lady with over twenty years of experience has been a torn in the way Id like to manage my team. Our responsibilities involve updating the hospital policies and guide... ...m solving, selfish, curious, or angry.Channeling our emotional energy into something significant is important to be aware off. Being able to know and watch the purpose of a difficult conversation and putting ourselves in thei r post will help us see things from their point of view.Three techniques that have been identified for handling stressful conversation are clarity, neutrality and temperance, and they are building blocks of all good communication, Weeks, H., (2001).References Yates, K., & Beech, R. (2006). Six crucial steps to effective global communication. Strategic Communication Management, 10(5), 26-29.Engels, J., (July, 2007). Delivering Difficult Messages. Tool to tackle fear conversations. P50-52.Weeks, H., (2001). Taking the Stress Out Of Stressful Conversations. Harvard Business Review. P114-119.

Phantom of the Opera Essay -- essays research papers

spectre of the opera houseIn the novel, Phantom of the Opera, by Gaston Leroux, we are introduced to a lawsuitknown to everyone as the mysterious Opera move. His character in this rule book is very complex. Although the Opera Ghost is very ugly physically and mentally, done his actions, we can findmuch beauty.During the masked ball we are given, what the endorser believes at the time, a very goodphysical description of the Opera Ghost. At the masked ball the Opera Ghost does a better jobimitating death. The Grim Reaper himself must have posed for it, the on looking crowd wouldcomment. But the hideous thing that he wears upon his doubtfulness is, in fact, only a mask. What hehides underneath the mask is to a greater extent wretched than anything imaginable to men. The Opera Ghostwas, Made up whole of death,(138). He was so disgustingly ugly that, his mother wouldnever let him kiss her, she would throw his mask at him and run away,(263). Poor Eriks lifeknows nothing but ugline ss.We see more of the Opera Ghosts ugliness when we read of the Persians description ofthe Opera Ghosts love of torment. Before the Opera, Erik designs torture chambers for a littleseedless raisin in Persia. His design was just a small room with vi walls, with each wall being a mirror. There is also a tree with a Punjab Lasso. The Opera Ghosts idea of torture was not so muchphysical pain, but a tortur...

Exams Are Unfair Assessments Of Progress :: essays research papers

Exams Are Unfair Assessments of Progress just about educators conceptualize that exams atomic number 18 the best way to judge a studentsability. They believe that students ability passel be judged depending on themarks or grades that students shoot in the exams. They also think that studyingfor exams can help students freshen up and absorb the things they keep learned.Actu everyy, many people hate exams because they disagree that exams ar realistic tools for rating progress. The three main reasons for me to believe that exams are unjust assessments of progress are the effects of pressure, the reliabilityof the exam result and the intend of study.First of all, exams cause too much pressure for students. Some students transmit suicide before they take an exam because they do non study self-confidenceto face to the exam. Some students commit suicide after their exams because theycan not get good marks in their exams and they can not stand the pressure oftheir parents. In add ition, many students usually forget all of the things thatthey have already learned when they are taking their exams because they are toonervous, but they can remember all the things again after they run through theirexams. Also, many students suffer insomnia because they are too worry abouttheir exams. They do not have enough sleep, so they can not do well in theirexams.Secondly, the exam results of the students are not reliable. Somestudents wander in the exams. For example, they just copy the answers from theircheating papers to their answer sheets. Although their answers are correct, theydo not really sleep together the answers. Also, some student supposition what questions major powerappear in the exams and only study that part of the chassis material. They canget good results in their exams without studying hard if they are lucky.Furthermore, many students get poor results in the exams because they do nothave enough time to finish the exam papers, but not because they do nt know theanswers. The marking standard of examiners is also very unsteady. Sometimes, themarking standard might depend on the emotion of the examiners.